The Canadian health claims for calcium, vitamin D and osteoporosis
付佳1,2 杨月欣1
(1 中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所,北京100050
2 四川大学华西分校卫生学院营养与食品卫生系,成都610044)
摘要:加拿大为了给关于钙的健康声称的确证提供证据,对美国钙与骨质疏松的健康声称,以及自声称提出以来所发表的科学文献进行了评价,以便判断这些证据是否依然有效,并推荐更合理的声称用语。目前,加拿大已经提出以下声称:补充充足的膳食钙和维生素D,并进行规律的体育锻炼,可以增强体格、预防骨质疏松症的发生。同时要求,做出声称的食物每份提供的钙至少为200mg,而磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必须低于钙含量。
关键词:钙;骨质疏松症;维生素D;健康声称
Abstract: To provide evidence for or against allowing a health claims for calcium in Canada, we undertook a review of the current U.S. health claims for calcium and osteoporosis, and also reviewed the scientific literature published since that health claims was first proposed and reviewed by the U.S. Our objectives were 1) to determine if the science behind the claims was still valid, and if so,2) to recommend any new wording to the claims, if warranted, prior to implementation in Canada. Based on a review of the evidence related to the various claims elements, the following health claims for calcium has been established in Canada: A healthy diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D, and regular physical activity, help to achieve strong bones and may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. The compositional criteria for foods bearing this claims are that the food must provide at least 200mg calcium per serving and that the phosphorus content (excluding that provided by phytate) must be less than the calcium content.
Keywords: calcium; osteoporosis;vitamin D; health claims
1 前言
骨质疏松症是以骨组织显微结构受损,骨矿成分和骨基质等比例地不断减少,骨质变薄,骨小梁数量减少,骨脆性增加和骨折危险度升高的一种全身骨代谢障碍的疾病。机体的骨质越多,其发生骨质疏松症的危险性就越小[1-3]。骨质疏松性骨折是多因素造成的结果,其中低钙和维生素D缺乏是已明确的危险因素[3]。加拿大进行的全国性调查中,18-49岁男性钙平均摄入量超过适宜摄入量AI(1000mg),而女性低于适宜摄入量;50岁及以上人群也低于适宜摄入量(1200mg)[4]。
1993年FDA批准了钙-骨质疏松症的健康声称:常规锻炼和充足的膳食钙可以促进白人及亚洲青少年和年轻女性的骨骼发育,以及降低骨质疏松症的危险性[5]。加拿大为了给钙与骨质疏松健康声称的确证提供证据,国家卫生部对自声称提出以来所发表的科学文献,以及美国FDA在1991年所做的综述[6]进行了评价,以判断这些证据是否依然有效,并推荐更合理的声称用语。
2 对“钙-骨质疏松症”证据的评价
自FDA提出钙降低骨质疏松症发生危险性的声称以来,大量干预试验和横断面研究都支持该声称。在儿童及青少年中进行的很多给予钙补充剂的随机对照研究中,还得到了钙与相关营养素的参考摄入量(DRI)[7-11]。总的看来,临床实验表明:增加钙的摄入,尤其是儿童习惯性摄入<1000mg/d的钙,有利于骨矿物质密度的增加。
然而,通过文献检索并未发现关于年轻人(19-50岁)钙或维生素D的对照试验,而这个年龄段(除了绝经前后妇女)的观察性研究也基本上没有。尽管如此,对所收集的研究进行的meta-分析表明,钙的摄入与骨质量的改善存在明显的相关性[12]。大量研究显示,体育锻炼对19-50岁人群钙与骨质疏松关系的影响是一个非常重要的因素[13-15]。而对于绝经后妇女,绝经后第一年补充钙来预防骨质丢失优于随后几年[16-19]。老年人群随机对照试验发现,除了改善骨矿物质密度,补钙还可以降低骨折的发生[20-23]。
对维持骨健康来说,维生素D是一种非常重要的营养素。在加拿大,维生素D强化奶和人造黄油成为膳食维生素D的主要来源。有报道指出,加拿大人群维生素D的水平并不理想[24,25]。很多研究表明,应该同时补充维生素D和钙。因此,批准钙的健康声称还要考虑到维生素D。
3 加拿大声称的表述
FDA批准的钙-骨质疏松症声称包括7个要素,加拿大在提出自己的声称时分别对这几个要素进行了评价。第一个要素,就是常规锻炼和健康饮食。锻炼对保持骨健康至关重要,单独补充钙而缺乏锻炼以及缺乏其他必需营养素并不能预防骨质丢失。第二个要素是所说的“足够的钙”。虽然大量证据表明适宜摄入量AI可以预防老年人骨质丢失,保证儿童、青少年骨量峰值正常发育,但是“适量充足的钙”一般指的是DRI值。第三个要素是声称的年龄限制。加拿大的声称并没有进行年龄限制,把目标人群定义在青少年和年轻人。第四个要素是种族限制。虽然白种人和亚洲人比非洲-美洲人更容易患骨质疏松症[26],但这并不适用于加拿大,而所有人种在患骨质疏松症上都具有一定程度的风险。因此,在加拿大人种不能成为一个限定因素。第五个要素是性别限制。FDA做出的声称人群限定为妇女,而在加拿大并没有体现出该限定。最后两个要素是“保持骨骼健康”和“可以降低骨质疏松症发生的危险性”。考虑到维生素D的重要作用,尤其是对儿童和老年人,维生素D可以提高钙的利用率,因此,加拿大所做的声称也把这一点纳入其中。
鉴于上述几点,加拿大在制定声称是需要考虑以下方面。首先,儿童、青少年和老人是最需要补钙的人群。其次,由于加拿大地区日照限制,无法满足维生素D的需要量,因此还需要补充膳食维生素D。
4 声称应用的限制
美国关于钙的健康声称限定了食品中磷含量、钙含量和生物利用率。另外,食品不得超出所规定的营养素含量,而且要含有适量的必要营养素。在加拿大,要求磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必须低于钙含量[27]。FDA声称中钙的含量为200mg[5,28]。在加拿大,高钙膳食或钙最佳来源的含量指的是165mg,而健康声称的钙含量也是200mg。加拿大对生物利用率声称中并没有明确规定,只是要求钙强化食品必须满足强化标准。
在成分限定方面,加拿大更多的是选择、确定恰当的可以进行食品强化的食物,但关于钙的健康声称中并没有体现该点。
5 小结
基于声称各要素相关证据的评价,目前加拿大实施的健康声称是[29]:含有充足钙和维生素D的健康膳食,以及常规体育锻炼,可以增强体格、降低骨质疏松症发生的危险性;声称的食物每份提供的钙至少为200mg,而磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必须低于钙含量。
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