达能营养中心第二届学术研讨会论文集

介 绍
　　达能营养研究中心是非赢利性机构遍布世界上15个国家，集合了在营养学领域有国际声望的学者。为便于制定将来的健康教育战略，主要为预防儿童期肥胖发生，达能营养研究中心在1997年发起儿童营养研究计划。

目 的
　　对各个国家3-17岁儿童营养摄入状况进行评价和比较。

方 法
　　首先，在已设立达能营养研究中心的国家包括法国、意大利、西班牙、德国、澳大利亚、比利时、捷克共和国、中国、加拿大、巴西。收集已发表的有关3-17岁儿童营养摄入的数据。采用的方法包括：各国专家填写的标准化问卷。系统全面地收集1986到1996年间发表的有关3-17岁儿童膳食评价的调查和研究。通过与资助类似调查的公共或私人研究机构联系以获得这些已发表的数据。利用这些资料，对抽样方法，调查人群，膳食评价方法，营养摄入指标，按年龄组、性别进行汇总和制表。

结 果
　　在大多数国家，针对3-17岁儿童这个特殊人群进行的营养调查开展的很少。一般说来，营养调查都是地方性的，覆盖几个省或地区的调查很少，而具有全国代表性的调查就更少了。除个别外，通常只有为数不多的儿童参加了调查。中国开展过全国性调查。1996年意大利选择了5个地区来代表全国水平，在35000名儿童中开展了营养调查。1986-87年加拿大对来自法语地区的学龄儿童进行大规模抽样调查。

　　结果发现：在不同国家之间和同一国家内，以及不同年龄、性别之间能量和宏量营养素的摄入有显著性差异，这种差异可能是由于摄入量的真实差异，或抽样不具代表性，或不同的膳食调查方法引起的。

　　在数据收集过程中使用了不同的方法如2-7天称重法，24小时回顾法，食物频率表法，膳食史方法）和不同食物成分表，如当地的，其他国家的或生产厂家提供的营养信息，在这个综述中我们得到的只是国家水平的3-17岁人群营养摄入的估计值，因此很难进行国家间的比较。

结 论
　　这个回顾证明需要合适的方法（例如标化的问卷和代表儿童膳食的食物成分表）用以评价和比较不同国家儿童的营养摄入，因为营养可能在肥胖的发展中起关键作用，这是理解遍及世界的肥胖流行的关键一步。

Prof. Marcello Giovannini
mailto:marcello.giovannini@unimi.it

Introduction
　　Danone Institutes (DI) are non- profit associations implemented in 15 countries all around the world. They regroup international renown researchers in the field of nutrition. In 1997, DI initiated a research program related to children nutrition in order to benefit future health education strategies, mainly to prevent childhood obesity.

Aims
　　To evaluate the nutritional intakes of 3-17 y old children in each country and to compare these nutritional intakes among the different countries, if possible.

Methodology
　　In a first stage, published data on nutritional intakes of children 3 to 17 years old was collected in 9 countries where DI exists: France, Italy, Spain, Germany-Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, China, Canada and Brazil. The proposed method included a standardized questionnaire to be filled up by relaying experts in each country. Systematic and exhaustive search of surveys and studies with dietary assessment in children aged 3 to 17 years carried out between 1986 and 1996 were reported. The search of published data could be completed with unpublished studies through contact with public and private institutions fund similar investigations. From these results, data of interest including sampling conditions, tested population, methodology of dietary assessment and account of nutritional intakes were summarized and tabulated, pertaining to age sub-groups and gender.

Results
　　In most countries, few studies investigating nutrient intakes have been conducted on the specific population of children aged 3-17. In general, nutritional surveys were local. Few investigations covered provinces or regions and even less had a nation-wide representative sampling. Limited numbers of children were usually involved except for a few exceptions. In China, a national survey was performed. In 1996, an investigation of a large-scale sample (35.000 children) representative of 5 Italian regions was carried out in a nationwide survey of nutritional patterns. In Canada, a large sample of school children from a French area was studied in 1986-87.

　　We found that energy and macronutrient intakes varied markedly both within and among countries, within specific age and gender sub-groups. These variations may reflect either true differences in intakes, unrepresentativeness of study samples, or biases in dietary study methodologies.

　　For data collection, different questionnaires (such as from 2 to 7 days weighed food record, 24-h recall, food frequency, diet history) and food composition tables (local, borrowed from other country, or compiled with either nutritional information from manufacturers and child food items) were used. With this overview we obtained only an estimate of the nutritional intakes of 3-17 y old population at the national level. It was therefore difficult to perform any valid comparison between countries.

Conclusion
　　This overview identifies the need for an appropriate methodology (e.g standardized questionnaire and food table containing items representative of the children diets) to assess and compare nutritional intakes of children from all countries. Since nutrition may play a key role in obesity development, this is a crucial step to understand the alarming increase of obesity prevalence all around the world.